Assad's downfall came as a shock, even to the insurgents who unseated him. In late November 2024, groups in the country's northwest — led by Hayat Tahrir al-Sham, an Islamist rebel group whose then-leader, Ahmad al-Sharaa, is now the country's interim president — launched an offensive on the city of Aleppo, aiming to take it back from Assad's forces. The economy has remained sluggish, despite the lifting of most Western sanctions. While Gulf countries have promised to invest in reconstruction projects, little has materialized on the ground. The World Bank estimates that rebuilding the country's war-damaged areas will cost $216 billion.
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